Ephedrine was discovered in Japan during by a Japanese chemist by the name of Nagayoshi Nagai. It is mainly extracted from different plants of the Ephedra genus. Amphetamine, on the other hand, is also a stimulant. It was discovered in by a Romanian chemist at Berlin, Germany. Currently, this drug is a prohibited and controlled drug because it was abused by people. Ephedrine dilates the bronchioles in the lungs to ease the flow of breathing. It is also used to decrease weight by promoting excretion of fats.
Certain body builders use this prior to competitions. US coast guards, on the other hand, use it as a remedy for seasickness by preventing nausea and dizziness.
Amphetamine, on the other side, enhances certain neurotransmitters which make a human alert, awake, and in a sense of euphoria or happiness. Ephedrine has many unwanted side effects including tachycardia, chest pain, and hypertension. Appetite is also suppressed leading to anorexia and vomiting. It may also cause acne.
For the nervous system, it may cause insomnia, panic, restlessness, and so much more. The side effects of amphetamine use include nervousness, palpitations, headaches, anorexia, hypertension, and a lot more. Long-term use of this drug includes psychosis and suicidal ideations. The same is true of other herbal products containing extracts from Ephedra species. In traditional Chinese medicine, ephedrine has been used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis for centuries.
Both ephedrine and pseudoephedrine act as a bronchodilator, but pseudoephedrine has considerably less effect. Both also increase blood pressure, with again pseudoephedrine being considerably less effective.
Methamphetamine is a psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs. Methamphetamine has high potential for abuse and addiction, activating the psychological reward system by triggering a cascading release of dopamine in the brain.
Methamphetamine is highly addictive. While the withdrawal itself may not be dangerous, withdrawal symptoms are common with heavy use and relapse is common. Methamphetamine is a potent neurotoxin, shown to cause dopaminergic degeneration. High doses of methamphetamine produce losses in several markers of brain dopamine and serotonin neurons.
Dopamine is involved in reward, motivation, the experience of pleasure, and motor function. This allows the prefrontal cortex to regain control. Certain formulations of amphetamine, typically pseudoephedrine, are used in medications that treat cold symptoms , such as Sudafed, Franssen said.
The amphetamine stimulants reduce the swelling of the blood vessels in the nose; this helps open up the airways, allowing for easier breathing. The medications are available without a prescription but are stored behind the pharmacy counter because they can be illegally used to brew methamphetamine, according to the American Council on Science and Health.
There's some evidence that amphetamines may treat obesity by acting as appetite suppressants. A clinical trial published in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology reported that patients who took amphetamine medications experienced increased weight loss and motivation.
The mechanism was unclear, and more research is needed to determine if amphetamines can be used for long-term weight loss and maintenance. When taken properly, amphetamine-based medications can be safe and effective.
But as with any prescribed medication, there are potential side effects. Amphetamines can have a powerful effect on the body and brain, even when taken only once.
According to MedlinePlus , side effects of taking amphetamines include:. Side effects such as enhanced mood are linked to the increase production and release of dopamine , a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure. Amphetamines also cause an increase in norepinephrine, the hormone involved with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system , which is what controls our "fight-or-flight" mechanism, Franssen said.
Norepinephrine causes the physical side effects, such as increased respiration, heart rate and blood pressure. Amphetamine can cause the brain to produce such high amounts of dopamine that the brain compensates by getting rid of dopamine receptors, Franssen said, similar to how we cover our ears to decrease the volume when someone is shouting at us.
0コメント