Felice Mastroleo et al, in Insight into the radiotolerance of the life support bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum S1H by means of phenotypic and transcriptomic methods , have characterized the radiation tolerance of R.
By subjecting the bacteria to sub-lethal doses of Cobalt gamma rays, a type of ionizing radiation, R. These genes increased in expression as "recovery time" elapsed after a given gamma radiation treatment. The analysis of gene expression by R. The applications of this research can solve many problems caused by synthetic, non-degradable plastics that have adversely impacted the environment. A research experiment performed by Herbert.
Ulmer used 4-pentenoic acid PEA as the growth medium for R. The synthesis of functional, biodegradable plastics by bacteria has the potential to reduce global pollution and fuel expenditure from plastic factories.
The rising concern over environmental pollution from burning fossil fuels has led to an increase in research of Rhodospirillum rubrum. Using R. Najafpour's research method observed how agitation, created by sets of turbine impellers set at rates of rpm as well as rpm, affected the hydrogen production rates of R.
His research found that hydrogen fuel has the potential to curb global warming, and provide an eco-friendly technological solution to fuel production and consumption. His study revealed "higher agitation rate yielded higher hydrogen as well as cell density" of R. In another microbiological study, performed by Matthew Ross Melnicki, it was found that R.
Its biological pathways can produce hydrogen levels at high rates when co-cultivated with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , an algal species which R. Melnicki proposed an unconventional co-cultivation approach to synthesizing hydrogen that produced enhanced levels of hydrogen synthesis that may not be achieved if the co-cultivation is uncoupled.
By using a fed-batch technique for cultivating R. When growth ceased, Melnicki added succinate, which acts as an electron donor in the metabolic pathway, and hydrogen evolution resumed even though the bacteria now longer grew. However, it is important to note that with continual addition of succinate, reduced evolution rates of hydrogen were found. Once additional growth media was added, rates of hydrogen production increased once again.
Melnicki also stated, "while growth is not required for hydrogen production, this work establishes the necessity for cell growth in order to maintain maximal rates, suggesting the industrial suitability of a semi-continuous culture strategy" Melnicki, The genome sequence of Rhodospirillum rubrum is only the second of the Rhodospirillum genus that has been published, after R.
An interesting aspect of Rhodospirillum rubrum is its ability to change color under different conditions. It is an anoxygenic phototroph, but does not produce extracellular oxygen. Instead, it produces elemental sulfur during light harvesting.
This is due to the fact that R. The bacterium uses bacteriochlorophyll, enabling it to absorb wavelengths of light that plants do not utilize. Bacteriochlorophyll absorbs wavelengths nm. Under aerobic conditions, photosynthetic activity of R. Under anaerobic conditions, however, photosynthesis is activated and the bacteria takes on a distinct purple-red color see Image 5.
This is because due to activity in the chromatophores, found in the membrane Munk et al, Chromatophores contain the bacterium's bacteriochlorophyll pigments, and undergo absorption changes during photosynthesis activation. Benson, A. Oxford: Pergamon Press. In the Press. Volume Bergey, D. Ninth edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Brock, T. For slow-growing Q.
Finally, low pH reduced the propensity of both species to adjust leaf water relations and xylem anatomical traits in response to nutrient manipulations. Our data suggest that a shift from N- to P-limitation has had a negative impact on the water relations and hydraulic function of A.
The disruption of hydraulic acclimation and coordination at low pH is emphasized as an interesting area of future study. Published by Oxford University Press.
For Permissions, please email: journals. Analysis of spatial and temporal dynamics of xylem refilling in Acer rubrum L. Full Text Available We report results of an analysis of embolism formation and subsequent refilling observed in stems of Acer rubrum L.
This drop was followed by brightness gain over minutes following pressure application suggesting that plants can restore water content in stem after induced embolism. This recovery was limited only to current year wood ring; older wood did not show signs of recovery within the length of experiment 16 hours. Spontaneous not induced embolism formation was observed only once, despite over 60 hours of continuous MRI observations made on several plants.
Thus this observation provide evidence for presence of naturally occurring embolism-refilling cycle in A. Refractory onychomycosis due to Trichophyton rubrum : combination therapy with itraconazole and terbinafine. Full Text Available Objectives: Evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of itraconazole plus terbinafine for refractory onychomycosis.
This is a prospective clinical trial. Results: Thirty-two patients with onychomycosis were studied. Twenty-eight cases had distal subungual onychomycosis and 4 total dystrophic onychomycosis. Identification of chromatophore membrane protein complexes formed under different nitrogen availability conditions in Rhodospirillum rubrum. We have identified several membrane protein complexes, including components of the ATP synthase, reaction center, light harvesting, and NADH dehydrogenase complexes.
Additionally, we have identified differentially The agony of choice in dermatophyte diagnostics-performance of different molecular tests and culture in the detection of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. Dermatophytosis caused by dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum belong to the most frequent mycoses worldwide. Molecular detection methods proved to be highly sensitive and enable rapid and accurate detection of dermatophyte species from clinical specimens.
For the first time, we compare the performance of different molecular methods with each other and with conventional diagnostics in the detection of dermatophytoses caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale in clinical specimens nail, skin and hair. We investigated the sensitivity of the assays by analysing clinical samples.
In specimens The pros and cons of all four tests in routine diagnostics are discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
PIXE analysis of Zn enzymes. Zinc is a necessary component in the action and structural stability of many enzymes. Some of them are well characterized, but in others, Zn stoichiometry and its association is not known.
PIXE has been proven to be a suitable technique for analyzing metallic proteins embedded in electrophoresis gels. These include the carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme well characterized by other methods and the cytoplasmic pyrophosphatase of Rhodospirillum rubrum that is known to require Zn to be stable but not how many metal ions are involved or how they are bound to the enzyme.
Native proteins have been purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and direct identification and quantification of Zn in the gel bands was performed with an external proton beam of 3. Benzyladenine-induced inhibition of flowering in Chenopodium rubrum in vitro is not related to the levels of isoprenoid cytokinins. Las cepas de T. Physiological and foliar symptom response of Prunus serotina, Fraxinus americana and Acer rubrum canopy trees to ozone under differing site conditions.
Schaub; J. Skelly; J. Zhang; J. Ferdinand; J. Savage; R. Stevenson; D. Davis; K. The crowns of five canopy dominant black cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh.
Thirteen gallic acid derivatives including five new gallotannins, named maplexins A-E, were isolated from red maple Acer rubrum stems. The compounds were identified by spectral analyses. The maplexins varied in number and location of galloyl groups attached to 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol.
Evaluation of a single application of Neonicotnoid and multi-application contact insecticides for flatheaded borer management in field grown Acer rubrum L. Two trials evaluated insecticides for flatheaded borer Chrysobothris femorata [Olivier] control and red maple Acer rubrum L. Soil-applied systemic insecticides acephate, imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, and thiamethoxam and trunk-applied contact i Sixteen black cherry Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Seedlings wer Characterization of Rubisco activase from thermally contrasting genotypes of Acer rubrum Aceraceae.
The lability of Rubisco activase function is thought to have a major role in the decline of leaf photosynthesis under moderate heat RCA1 and RCA2 proteins increased modestly in FL plants under warmer temperature, while only RCA2 protein increased in MN plants. Rubisco large subunit RbsL protein abundance was relatively unaffected in either genotype by temperature. These results support the idea that Rubisco activase, particularly the ratio of Rubisco activase to Rubisco, may play a role in the photosynthetic heat acclimation in A.
This mechanism alone is not likely to entirely explain the thermotolerance in the FL genotype, and future research on adaptive mechanisms to high temperatures should consider activase function in a multipathway framework. Analysis of stand basal area development of thinned and unthinned Acer rubrum forests in the upper Great Lakes region, USA.
Justin L. Pszwaro; Anthony W. D' Amato; Thomas E. Burk; Matthew B. Russell; Brian J. Palik; Terry F. The objectives of this study were to i evaluate the effects of stocking level and stand density on Discovery of a sexual stage in Trichophyton onychocola, a presumed geophilic dermatophyte isolated from toenails of patients with a history of T.
Trichophyton onychocola is a recently described geophilic dermatophyte that has been isolated from a toenail of Czech patient with a history of onychomycosis due to T. In this study, we report a similar case from Denmark in an otherwise healthy year The patient had a history of great toenail infection caused by T.
Trichophyton onychocola was the only microbial agent isolated at the second visit in and the identification was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The mating experiments with related heterothallic species T.
The sexual state showed all typical signs of arthroderma-morph and is described by using optical as well as scanning electron microscopy. The sexual CdTe quantum dots for an application in the life sciences. This report highlights the results of the preparation of semiconductor CdTe quantum dots QDs in the aqueous phase.
Their strong, two-photon excitation luminescence is also a good characteristic for biolabeling without interference with the cell fluorescence. In other words, these QDs could work as pH-sensitive detectors. Recent studies have indicated that there are diverse bacterial methionine salvage pathways MSPs for MTA detoxification and sulfur salvage. Here, via a combination of gene deletions and directed metabolite detection studies, we report that under aerobic conditions the facultatively anaerobic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris employs both an MTA-isoprenoid shunt identical to that previously described in Rhodospirillum rubrum and a second novel MSP, both of which generate a methanethiol intermediate.
The additional R. The aerobic DHAP-methanethiol shunt then further metabolizes 2- methylthio ethanol to methanethiol, which can be directly utilized by O-acetyl-l-homoserine sulfhydrylase to regenerate methionine. This is in contrast to the anaerobic DHAP-ethylene shunt, which metabolizes 2- methylthio ethanol to ethylene and an unknown organo-sulfur intermediate, revealing functional diversity in MSPs utilizing a 2- methylthio ethanol intermediate.
When MTA was fed to aerobically growing cells, the rate of volatile methanethiol release was constant irrespective of the presence of sulfate, suggesting a general housekeeping function for these MSPs up through the methanethiol production step.
Methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide DMS , two of the most important compounds of the global sulfur cycle, appear to arise not only from marine ecosystems but from terrestrial ones as well. These results reveal a possible route by which methanethiol might be biologically produced in soil and freshwater environments. Unique double concentric ring organization of light harvesting complexes in Gemmatimonas phototrophica.
Full Text Available The majority of life on Earth depends directly or indirectly on the sun as a source of energy. The initial step of photosynthesis is facilitated by light-harvesting complexes, which capture and transfer light energy into the reaction centers RCs.
Here, we analyzed the organization of photosynthetic PS complexes in the bacterium G. The complex contains Using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, we determined the energy transfer time between these spectral bands as 2 ps. Single particle analyses of the purified complexes showed that they were circular structures with an outer diameter of approximately 18 nm and a thickness of 7 nm.
Based on the obtained, we propose that the light-harvesting complexes in G. The inner ring corresponding to the B absorption band is composed of 15 subunits and is analogous to the inner light-harvesting complex 1 LH1 in purple bacteria. The outer ring is composed of 15 more distant BChl dimers with no or slow energy transfer between them, resulting in the B absorption band. This completely unique and elegant organization offers good structural stability, as well as high efficiency of light harvesting.
Our results reveal that while the PS apparatus of Gemmatimonadetes was acquired via horizontal gene transfer from purple bacteria, it later evolved along its own pathway, devising a new arrangement of its light harvesting complexes. Novel antimicrobial activity of a dichloromethane extract obtained from red seaweed Ceramium rubrum Hudson Rhodophyta: Florideophyceae against Yersinia ruckeri and Saprolegnia parasitica, agents that cause diseases in salmonids.
Conclusions: These results may constitute a basis for promising future applied research that could investigate the use of C. Molecular identification of phosphate solubilizing bacterium A phosphate solubilizing bacterium was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of upland rice and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Based on the gene sequence homology, it was identified as A. Interaction effect of this bacterium on growth The bark and stems of red maple Acer rubrum are reported to contain bioactive phenolics but its aerial parts, namely, flowers and leaves, remain largely unexplored.
This is unfortunate considering that various parts of the red maple were used for traditional medicinal purposes by the indigenous peoples of eastern North America, where this species is found. Herein, we report the identification of twenty-five phenolics, including two new galloyl derivatives 1 and 2 , from red maple flowers and leaves.
The isolates , along with the clinical drug, acarbose, were evaluated for their alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activities.
Bacterium oxidizing carbon monoxide. Present-day knowledge of the microbiological oxidation of carbon monoxide is based on doubtful observations and imperfect experimental procedures. By making use of shake cultures in contact with gas mixtures containing high concentrations of CO and by employing liquid enrichment media with a low content of organic matter and solid media of the same composition with not more than 1.
For the first time irrefutable proof has been given of the oxidation of carbon monoxide by a pure culture of a bacterium , both in growing cultures and in resting cell suspensions. Determination of DNA methylation associated with Acer rubrum red maple adaptation to metals: analysis of global DNA modifications and methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism.
Red maple Acer rubum , a common deciduous tree species in Northern Ontario, has shown resistance to soil metal contamination. Previous reports have indicated that this plant does not accumulate metals in its tissue. However, low level of nickel and copper corresponding to the bioavailable levels in contaminated soils in Northern Ontario causes severe physiological damages.
No differentiation between metal-contaminated and uncontaminated populations has been reported based on genetic analyses. The main objective of this study was to assess whether DNA methylation is involved in A. Global cytosine and methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism MSAP analyses were carried out in A.
The global modified cytosine ratios in genomic DNA revealed a significant decrease in cytosine methylation in genotypes from a metal-contaminated site compared to uncontaminated populations. Overall, CCGG loci were identified in which were methylated in either outer or inner cytosine. No differentiation among populations was established based on several genetic parameters tested.
The variations for nonmethylated and methylated loci were compared by analysis of molecular variance AMOVA. For methylated loci, molecular variance among and within populations was 1. These values were low 0. Metal resistance in populations of red maple Acer rubrum L.
Metal resistance in populations of Acer rubrum and Betula papyrifera in the industrially contaminated region of Sudbury, Ontario, was compared with resistance in populations from neighbouring uncontaminated regions.
In two one-season experiments, seedlings were grown outdoors on contaminated mainly Cu, Ni and uncontaminated substrates. Sudbury populations of both species responded less to contamination than populations from uncontaminated regions. For both species, Sudbury plants were smaller when grown on uncontaminated substrate. There is indication of variation in metal resistance within the populations from the non-contaminated regions.
The data shows that trees may develop adaptive resistance to heavy metals, but the low degree of resistance indicates that the development of such resistances are slower than observed for herbaceous species with shorter generation times. Progress report. We have deleted the gene that encodes. The R. Over the past year we have sought to physiologically characterize strain 16PHC. The major goal of this project is to determine how microorganisms regulate the assimilation of CO[sup 2] via pathways alternative to the usual Calvin reductive pentose phosphate scheme.
In particular, we are interest in the molecular basis for switches in CO[sub 2] metabolic paths. Several earlier studies had indicated that purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria assimilate significant amounts of CO[sub 2] via alternative non-Calvin routes.
We found that, 16PHC exhibited rates of whole-cell CO[sub 2] fixation which were significantly higher than strain Thus, these results suggested that both PHC and I could be used to study alternative CO[sub 2] fixation reactions and their significance in R. A mathematical model of mixed chemostat cultures of the obligately aerobic bacterium Comamonas testosteroni and the anaerobic bacterium Veillonella alcalescens grown under dual limitation Of L-lactate and oxygen was constructed.
The model was based on Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics for the. Simulated herbivory advances autumn phenology in Acer rubrum. To determine the degree to which herbivory contributes to phenotypic variation in autumn phenology for deciduous trees, red maple Acer rubrum branches were subjected to low and high levels of simulated herbivory and surveyed at the end of the season to assess abscission and degree of autumn coloration.
While branches subjected to high levels of damage showed advanced phenology, abscission rates did not differ from those of undamaged branches within trees because heavy damage induced earlier leaf loss on adjacent branch nodes in this treatment.
These advanced rates are of the same time length as reported delays in autumn senescence and advances in spring onset due to climate warming. Thus, results suggest that should insect damage increase as a consequence of climate change, it may offset a lengthening of leaf life spans in some tree species.
Engineering a wild fast-growing Mycoplasma bacterium to generate Jan 12, The CCPP bacterium causes sick animals to experience severe symptoms To develop a fast growing CCPP vaccine for cheaper production and Leaf shape responds to temperature but not CO2 in Acer rubrum. The degree of leaf dissection and the presence of leaf teeth, along with tooth size and abundance, inversely correlate with mean annual temperature MAT across many plant communities. These relationships form the core of several methods for reconstructing MAT from fossils, yet the direct selection of temperature on tooth morphology has not been demonstrated experimentally.
It is also not known if atmospheric CO 2 concentration affects leaf shape, limiting confidence in ancient climate reconstructions because CO 2 has varied widely on geologic timescales. Here I report the results of growing Acer rubrum red maple in growth cabinets at contrasting temperature and CO 2 conditions. The CO 2 treatment imparted no significant differences in leaf size and shape, while plants grown at cooler temperatures tended to have more teeth and more highly dissected leaves.
These results provide direct evidence for the selection of temperature on leaf shape in one species, and support a key link in many leaf-climate methods. More broadly, these results increase confidence for using leaf shape in fossils to reconstruct paleoclimate. Zymomonas mobilis: a bacterium for ethanol production.
Zymomonas mobilis is a facultative anaerobic gram negative bacterium first isolated in tropical countries from alcoholic beverages like the African palm wine, the Mexican pulque and also as a contaminant of cider cider sickness or beer in the European countries.
It is one of the few facultative anaerobic bacteria degrading glucose by the Entner-Doudoroff pathway usually found in strictly aerobic microorganisms. Some work was devoted to this bacterium in the 50s and 60s and was reviewed by Swings and De Ley in their classical paper published in During the 70s there was very little work on the bacterium until and the first report by the Australian group of P.
Rogers on the great potentialities of Z. At that time the petroleum crisis had led the developed countries to search for alternative fuel from renewable resources. The Australian group clearly demonstrated the advantages of the bacterium compared to the yeasts traditionally used for the alcoholic fermentation. As a result, there was a considerable burst in the Zymomonas literature which started from nearly zero in the late 70s to attain 70 papers published in the field in In this article, papers published from to are reviewed.
Molecular analysis of red maple Acer rubrum populations from a reclaimed mining region in Northern Ontario Canada : soil metal accumulation and translocation in plants. Red maple Acer rubrum species is one of the most widespread deciduous hardwood trees of eastern North America.
It is among the dominant tree species in the Northern Ontario after land reclamation. To date, the effects of heavy metal contamination from the mining activities on terrestrial ecosystems are not well understood.
The main objectives of the present study are 1 to determine the level of phytoavailable metal in soil and accumulation in A. The total heavy metal levels were found to be high but the availability of these metals were much lower. We found that red maple does not accumulate heavy metals in their leaves as other hardwood species. The translocation factors were 0. The mean values for observed number of alleles Na , effective number of alleles Ne , Nei's gene diversity h , and Shannon's information index I were 1.
The population differentiation GST among the fragmented populations was high 0. Nevertheless, all the populations within the targeted region were genetically closely related. A specific ISSR marker that was identified in all the samples from the reference sites was absent in most samples from metal contaminated.
This specific band was cloned and sequenced. Overall, the present study confirms that red maple populations in Northern Ontario are genetically sustainable despite the high level of total metal content in soil.
Taxonomic characterization of the cellulose-degrading bacterium NCIB Dees, C. The gram negative cellulase-producing bacterium NCIB has been previously named Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp.
Metabolic and physical characterization of NCIB revealed that this was an alkalophilic, non-fermentative, gram negative, oxidase positive, motile, cellulose-degrading bacterium. The aerobic substrate utilization profile of this bacterium was found to have few characteristics consistent with a classification of P. Total lipid analysis did not reveal that any sphingolipid bases are produced by this bacterium.
NCIB was found to grow best aerobically but also grows well in complex media under reducing conditions. NCIB grew slowly under full anaerobic conditions on complex media but growth on cellulosic media was found only under aerobic conditions.
To develop a new green approach for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, myconanotechnology has been represented as a novel field of study in nano technology. In this study, we have reported the extracellular synthesis of highly stable silver nanoparticles using three species of dermatophytes: Trichophyton rubrum , Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis. Methods: Clinical strains of these species were grown in a liquid medium containing mineral salt and incubated at 25 d egree C for days.
The cell-free filtrate of each culture was obtained and subjected to synthesize silver nanoparticles in the presence of 1 m M AgNO 3. For T. For M. According to transmission electron microscopy results, fairly uniform, spherical, and small in size with almost less than 50 nm particles were forms in case of T. For the other two species, transmission electron microscopy images showed existence of small spherical nano silvers but not as small as nanoparticles synthesized by T.
Conclusion: We observed that species belong to a single genus of the fungi have variable ability to synthesize silver nanoparticles extracellulary with different efficiency. Furthermore, the extracellular synthesis may make the process simpler and easier for following processes. Microflora of urogenital tract in pregnancy with asymptomatic bacterium. The article contains results of research interrelationship from colonization of vagina and urinary tract diseases.
Presented high effects of penicillin medicaments and nitrofurans in treatment of asymptomatic bacterium. Full Text Available To understand how electron beam irradiation affects wood physically and chemically, irradiated maple beams Acer rubrum and veneers were examined using three-point bend tests, dynamic mechanical analysis DMA, and NIR- and FTIR- spectroscopy.
DMA results showed evidence of crosslinking of the amorphous content of the wood at low doses, followed by degradation at higher doses, with the change in response occurring around 80 kGy. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that the components of wood that were most impacted were the phenolic hydroxyl structures of lignin and cellulose hydroxyls, with the greatest effects being seen after 80 kGy. Mukherjee, Pranab K. Data obtained from both broth micro- and macrodilution assays were in agreement and revealed that the six clinical isolates had greatly reduced susceptibilities to terbinafine.
The MIC of terbinafine for the baseline strain cultured at the initial screening visit and before therapy was started was already 4,fold higher than normal, suggesting that this is a case of primary resistance to terbinafine. The results obtained by the broth macrodilution procedure revealed that the terbinafine MICs and MFCs for sequential isolates apparently increased during the course of therapy.
RAPD analyses did not reveal any differences between the isolates. The terbinafine-resistant isolates exhibited normal susceptibilities to clinically available antimycotics including itraconazole, fluconazole, and griseofulvin.
However, these isolates were fully cross resistant to several other known squalene epoxidase inhibitors, including naftifine, butenafine, tolnaftate, and tolciclate, suggesting a target-specific mechanism of resistance.
This is the first confirmed report of terbinafine resistance in dermatophytes. The effect of ionizing radiation on the structural and ultrastructural organization of Mycobacterium rubrum. A description of a structural and ultrastructural organization of a normally developing and irradiated cell of Mycobacterium rubrum is given.
The cytomorphological differentiation of membrane bacterial structures and radiation their functional role are shown. When ionizing role of membrane is used as a tool for decoding the structures their relationship with a certain cell function is confirmed. A description of damages of different individually functioning membrane systems under cell irradiation is given. It is shown that at suppression of peptidoglycane synthesis the mesosomes are absent in the cells, at their hypertrophy the hypersynthesis of cell wall material is observed.
An increase in the level of cell metabolic processes results in an increase of the number of mitochondrial analogs. It is shown that the disturbance of the cell division function is caused by the damage of nucleoid DNA structure and degradation of nucleidosomes. Changes in carbohydrate and lipide metabolisms are observed. Winter season corticular photosynthesis in Cornus florida, Acer rubrum , Quercus alba, and Liriodendron tulipifera. Winter season corticular photosynthesis was studied in four species of deciduous trees: dogwood Cornus florida , red maple Acer rubrum , white oak Quercus alba , and yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera.
Techniques included measuring CO 2 uptake at varying light intensities, relating the apparent photosynthetic capacities to seasonal changes in chlorophyll content of twigs and determining the fate of assimilated carbon over time.
Dogwood was the most photosynthetically active of the four species studied; however, gross photosynthesis did not exceed respiration in any of the four species.
Photosynthetic activity was generally related to shade tolerance ranking and was on the order of dogwood much greater than red maple much greater than white oak approx. Little change in chlorophyll content occurred over the January-April study interval. Salt-inducible promoter derivable from a lactic acid bacterium , and its use in a lactic acid bacterium for production of a desired protein.
The invention provides a salt-inducible promoter present in SEQ ID NO: 10 and derivable from a lactic acid bacterium in isolation from the coding sequence normally controlled by said promoter in a wild-type lactic acid bacterium , with modifications and important parts thereof. Also provided are a. Microencapsulation of oleoresin from red ginger Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum in chitosan and alginate for fresh milk preservatives.
The usage of red ginger rhizome Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum oleoresin extract as the preservative for fresh milk has not been studied yet. The aim of this research was to compare the inhibition effect of oleoresin extract-loaded chitosan-alginate microparticles, and various ginger-based preservatives added into fresh milk, on the growth of bacteria.
The total count plate growth of bacteria after addition of the oleoresin-loaded chitosan-alginate microparticles was the lowest. In addition, the organoleptic test showed that this formulation had no significant effect on the color, taste, and flavor of fresh milk.
The experimental results indicated that the oleoresin-loaded chitosan-alginate microparticles may effectively be used as a preservative for fresh milk. Triplet states of carotenoids from photosynthetic bacteria studied by nanosecond ultraviolet and electron pulse irradiation.
Absorptions of the triplet excited states of five carotenoids 15,15'-cis phytoene, all-trans phytoene, zeta-carotene, spheroidene and spirillox-anthin , extracted from the photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum , have been detected in solution using pulse radiolysis and laser flash photolysis.
Triplet lifetimes, extinction coefficients, lowest energy levels and quantum efficiencies of formation have been determined. The low crossover efficiencies also mean that light absorbed in such carotenoids in their possible role as accessory pigments would not be wasted in crossing over to the triplet state. Micropropagation of ginger zingiber officinale var. Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum ZOR is cultivated for its medicinal value despite the constraints of longer life cycle.
The study has established an efficient and reproducible protocol to micropropagate ZOR using buds generated on the surface of the ginger. Surface sterilized young buds of 0. MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of auxin and cytokinin were used to evaluate shoot multiplication and root induction.
BAP concentrations between 3. Microshoots maintained on MS medium supplemented with 4. Comparison of the antifungal efficacy of terbinafine hydrochloride and ciclopirox olamine containing formulations against the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum in an infected nail plate model.
Onychomycosis is a fungal infection mostly induced by dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum. Due to slow nail growth, the treatment takes months depending on the nail size and infected area.
Hence, high efficacy of the active ingredient without systemic side effects is of major interest. To test the efficacy of an antifungal formulation, an appropriate in vitro model reflecting the in vivo situation as close as possible is required. In this study, a variety of antifungal formulations, i. The active pharmaceutical ingredients APIs were ciclopirox olamine and terbinafine hydrochloride. Former studies have shown high permeation rates of terbinafine hydrochloride from similar poloxamer based formulations with dimethyl isosorbide instead of propylene glycol.
The present contribution shows superior inhibition of T. Poloxamer based systems containing ciclopirox olamine proved to be about as effective as similar terbinafine hydrochloride systems. Dense populations of a giant sulfur bacterium in Namibian shelf sediments. A previously unknown giant sulfur bacterium is abundant in sediments underlying the oxygen minimum zone of the Benguela Current upwelling system. The bacterium has a spherical cell that exceeds by up to fold the biovolume of the largest known prokaryotes.
On the basis of 16S ribosomal DNA Moritella viscosa, a pathogenic bacterium affecting the fillet quality in fish. Moritella viscosa is a bacterium belonging to the family Moritellaceae and was formerly known as Vibrio viscosus. The bacterium is mainly a problem for farmed salmonid species, such as Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss , but has also been isolated from other fish species, including Atlantic Spirochaetes dominate the microbial community associated with the red coral Corallium rubrum on a broad geographic scale.
Mass mortality events in populations of the iconic red coral Corallium rubrum have been related to seawater temperature anomalies that may have triggered microbial disease development. However, very little is known about the bacterial community associated with the red coral. Twelve bacterial species were found to be consistently associated with the red coral, forming a core microbiome that accounted for This core microbiome was particularly dominated by bacteria of the orders Spirochaetales and Oceanospirillales, in particular the ME2 family.
Bacteria belonging to these orders have been implicated in nutrient cycling, including nitrogen, carbon and sulfur. While Oceanospirillales are common symbionts of marine invertebrates, our results identify members of the Spirochaetales as other important dominant symbiotic bacterial associates within Anthozoans. Lactococcus lactis - a diploid bacterium. This organism contains chlorophyll b, which is different than chlorophyll a found in plants.
Chlorophyll b distinguished by a lower absorption spectra, absorbs maximally at nm rather than at nm, Brock pg. Anoxygenic phototrophs such as R. Organisms with many different types of chlorophylls are at an advantage, because they can use more of the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum, Brock pg.
In prokaryotes, photosynthetic pigments are integrated into internal membrane systems that arise from invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane purple bacteria , Brock pg. The carotenoids found in R.
Carotenoids function as accessory pigments, play a photoprotective role against bright light and transfer energy to the reaction center to be used in photophosphorylation Brock pg.
Rhodospirillum rubrum and other purple nonsulfur bacteria can be found in natural setting such as pond water, mud or a sewage sample Brock pg. Phototrophic purple nonsulfur bacteria are used in sewage treatment processes, for biomass production as a source of animal food or agricultural fertilizer, and production of molecular hydrogen by evolution from nitrogenase.
They may be used also as a source of cell-free systems performing photosynthesis and ATP formation, and for the production of vitamins and other organic molecules Balows pg. Characteristics 1 gram-negative bacteria all Proteobacteria are 2 purple color - from cartenoid pigments rhodovibrin and spirilloxanthin 3 nonsulfur bacteria - can use sulfide as an electron donor for the reduction of carbon dioxide, but not at high concentrations like sulfur bacteria, See figure Springer-Verlag Inc.
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